Welcome back to White Rose of Avalon, my Darlings.   For this week’s Femme Fatale Friday blog post,  I have done an analysis of the poem The Defense of Guenevere by William Morris.   I accessed the text at https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22650/22650-h/22650-h.htm.   All of the sections in bold and all caps are my analysis.    Without further ado, let’s look at the poem.

The Defense of Guenevere by William Morris

BUT, knowing now that they would have her speak,

She threw her wet hair backward from her brow,

Her hand close to her mouth touching her cheek,

As though she had had there a shameful blow,

And feeling it shameful to feel ought but shame

All through her heart, yet felt her cheek burned so,

She must a little touch it; like one lame

She walked away from Gauwaine, with her head

Still lifted up; and on her cheek of flame

~IN THIS OPENING WE SEE THAT GUENEVERE IS PREPARING HERSELF TO SPEAK ABOUT WHAT HAPPENED BETWEEN HER AND LAUNCELOT AT HER TRIAL!

The tears dried quick; she stopped at last and said:

O knights and lords, it seems but little skill

To talk of well-known things past now and dead.

God wot I ought to say, I have done ill,

And pray you all forgiveness heartily!

Because you must be right, such great lords; still

Listen, suppose your time were come to die,

And you were quite alone and very weak;

Yea, laid a dying while very mightily

The wind was ruffling up the narrow streak

Of river through your broad lands running well:

Suppose a hush should come, then some one speak:

‘One of these cloths is heaven, and one is hell,

Now choose one cloth for ever; which they be,

I will not tell you, you must somehow tell

Of your own strength and mightiness; here, see!’

Yea, yea, my lord, and you to ope your eyes,

At foot of your familiar bed to see

~GUENEVERE IS ADMITTING THAT SHE HAS DONE ILL, BUT ALSO DEFENDING HERSELF BY INSINUATING THAT ALL OF THE MEN IN ATTENDANCE COULD HAVE (OR WOULD HAVE) LIKELY DONE SIMILAR THINGS.   THE REFERENCE TO HEAVEN AND HELL IS INTERESTING IN THIS CONTEXT, AS WE DO NOT KNOW WHICH IS WHICH (WAS LAUNCELOT OR ARTHUR HEAVEN?).

A great God’s angel standing, with such dyes,

Not known on earth, on his great wings, and hands,

Held out two ways, light from the inner skies

Showing him well, and making his commands

Seem to be God’s commands, moreover, too,

Holding within his hands the cloths on wands;

And one of these strange choosing cloths was blue,

Wavy and long, and one cut short and red;

No man could tell the better of the two.

After a shivering half-hour you said:

‘God help! heaven’s colour, the blue;’ and he said, ‘hell.’

Perhaps you then would roll upon your bed,

And cry to all good men that loved you well,

‘Ah Christ! if only I had known, known, known;’

Launcelot went away, then I could tell,

Like wisest man how all things would be, moan,

And roll and hurt myself, and long to die,

And yet fear much to die for what was sown.

~NOW, WE CAN SEE SHE WAS REFERRING TO THE HEAVEN SHE FOUND IN HER AFFAIR.   SHE IS ALSO ACKNOWLEDGING THE SHAME THAT LAUNCELOT FELT AT HAVING BETRAYED HIS KING!

Nevertheless you, O Sir Gauwaine, lie,

Whatever may have happened through these years,

God knows I speak truth, saying that you lie.

Her voice was low at first, being full of tears,

But as it cleared, it grew full loud and shrill,

Growing a windy shriek in all men’s ears,

A ringing in their startled brains, until

She said that Gauwaine lied, then her voice sunk,

And her great eyes began again to fill,

Though still she stood right up, and never shrunk,

But spoke on bravely, glorious lady fair!

Whatever tears her full lips may have drunk,

She stood, and seemed to think, and wrung her hair,

Spoke out at last with no more trace of shame,

With passionate twisting of her body there:

It chanced upon a day that Launcelot came

To dwell at Arthur’s court: at Christmas-time

This happened; when the heralds sung his name,

~NOW, GUENEVERE HAS TURNED ON GAUWAINE, CALLING HIM A LIAR, LIKELY TRYING TO DIVERT ATTENTION FROM HER OWN ACCUSATIONS.   AT THE END OF THIS PAGE, WE BEGIN TO GET A DESCRIPTION OF WHEN LAUNCELOT CAME TO CAMELOT FOR THE FIRST TIME, AT CHRISTMAS-TIME.

Son of King Ban of Benwick, seemed to chime

Along with all the bells that rang that day,

O’er the white roofs, with little change of rhyme.

Christmas and whitened winter passed away,

And over me the April sunshine came,

Made very awful with black hail-clouds, yea

And in the Summer I grew white with flame,

And bowed my head down: Autumn, and the sick

Sure knowledge things would never be the same,

However often Spring might be most thick

Of blossoms and buds, smote on me, and I grew

Careless of most things, let the clock tick, tick,

To my unhappy pulse, that beat right through

My eager body; while I laughed out loud,

And let my lips curl up at false or true,

Seemed cold and shallow without any cloud.

Behold my judges, then the cloths were brought;

While I was dizzied thus, old thoughts would crowd,

~GUENEVERE DESCRIBES HER ATTRACTION TO LAUNCELOT BY STATING THAT HIS PRESENCE MADE HER FEEL AS IF IT WERE SPRING INSTEAD OF WINTER.   SHE GOES ON TO DESCRIBE THESE FEELINGS ACROSS ALL OF THE SEASONS, SHOWING HOW DEEPLY HER LOVE EVOLVED OVER TIME!

Belonging to the time ere I was bought

By Arthur’s great name and his little love;

Must I give up for ever then, I thought,

That which I deemed would ever round me move

Glorifying all things; for a little word,

Scarce ever meant at all, must I now prove

Stone-cold for ever? Pray you, does the Lord

Will that all folks should be quite happy and good?

I love God now a little, if this cord

Were broken, once for all what striving could

Make me love anything in earth or heaven?

So day by day it grew, as if one should

Slip slowly down some path worn smooth and even,

Down to a cool sea on a summer day;

Yet still in slipping there was some small leaven

Of stretched hands catching small stones by the way,

Until one surely reached the sea at last,

And felt strange new joy as the worn head lay

~ON THIS PAGE, WE GET AN INTERESTING LOOK AT GUENEVERE STRUGGLING WITH THE GUILT OVER HER DUTY AS ARTHUR’S QUEEN AND WIFE, WARRING WITH HER HEARTFELT DESIRES.   SHE IS ALSO REFERENCING STRUGGLING WITH HER FAITH IN GOD DUE TO THIS VERY UNCOMFORTABLE CIRCUMSTANCE SHE FINDS HERSELF IN.

Back, with the hair like sea-weed; yea all past

Sweat of the forehead, dryness of the lips,

Washed utterly out by the dear waves o’ercast,

In the lone sea, far off from any ships!

Do I not know now of a day in Spring?

No minute of that wild day ever slips

From out my memory; I hear thrushes sing,

And wheresoever I may be, straightway

Thoughts of it all come up with most fresh sting:

I was half mad with beauty on that day,

And went without my ladies all alone,

In a quiet garden walled round every way;

I was right joyful of that wall of stone,

That shut the flowers and trees up with the sky,

And trebled all the beauty: to the bone,

Yea right through to my heart, grown very shy

With weary thoughts, it pierced, and made me glad;

Exceedingly glad, and I knew verily,

~ONCE AGAIN, WE SEE GUENEVERE REFERENCING NATURAL FORCES AND THE SEASONS TO DESCRIBE HER LOVE FOR LAUNCELOT AND HER OWN EMOTIONAL STATE.   I ENJOY THIS CONSISTENCY OF USING THESE METAPHORS, AS THEY ARE A GREAT WAY TO GET INTO HER MINDSET.

A little thing just then had made me mad;

I dared not think, as I was wont to do,

Sometimes, upon my beauty; If I had

Held out my long hand up against the blue,

And, looking on the tenderly darken’d fingers,

Thought that by rights one ought to see quite through,

There, see you, where the soft still light yet lingers,

Round by the edges; what should I have done,

If this had joined with yellow spotted singers,

And startling green drawn upward by the sun?

But shouting, loosed out, see now! all my hair,

And trancedly stood watching the west wind run

With faintest half-heard breathing sound; why there

I lose my head e’en now in doing this;

But shortly listen: In that garden fair

Came Launcelot walking; this is true, the kiss

Wherewith we kissed in meeting that spring day,

I scarce dare talk of the remember’d bliss,

~NOW WE HAVE GOTTEN TO THE CONFESSION OF THEIR FIRST SHARED KISS IN THE GARDEN ON A FAIR SPRING DAY.   LAUNCELOT TRULY BROUGHT HER HEART TO LIFE AFTER HER TIME AS ARTHUR’S UNHAPPY WIFE, FEELING AS IF IT WERE ALWAYS THE DEPTH OF ICY COLD WINTER’S PLIGHT!

When both our mouths went wandering in one way,

And aching sorely, met among the leaves;

Our hands being left behind strained far away.

Never within a yard of my bright sleeves

Had Launcelot come before: and now, so nigh!

After that day why is it Guenevere grieves?

Nevertheless you, O Sir Gauwaine, lie,

Whatever happened on through all those years,

God knows I speak truth, saying that you lie.

Being such a lady could I weep these tears

If this were true? A great queen such as I

Having sinn’d this way, straight her conscience sears;

And afterwards she liveth hatefully,

Slaying and poisoning, certes never weeps:

Gauwaine be friends now, speak me lovingly.

Do I not see how God’s dear pity creeps

All through your frame, and trembles in your mouth?

Remember in what grave your mother sleeps,

~GUENEVERE CONTINUES TO CONFESS HER TRYST WITH LAUNCELOT.   THEY WERE QUITE CAUGHT UP IN THEIR LOVEMAKING, BUT SHE ASSERTS STILL THAT GAUWAINE LIES, FOR HE DOES NOT TRULY UNDERSTAND ALL THAT WENT ON BETWEEN THE LOVERS OVER ALL THOSE YEARS!

Buried in some place far down in the south,

Men are forgetting as I speak to you;

By her head sever’d in that awful drouth

Of pity that drew Agravaine’s fell blow,

I pray your pity! let me not scream out

For ever after, when the shrill winds blow

Through half your castle-locks! let me not shout

For ever after in the winter night

When you ride out alone! in battle-rout

Let not my rusting tears make your sword light!

Ah! God of mercy, how he turns away!

So, ever must I dress me to the fight,

So: let God’s justice work! Gauwaine, I say,

See me hew down your proofs: yea all men know

Even as you said how Mellyagraunce one day,

One bitter day in la Fausse Garde, for so

All good knights held it after, saw:

Yea, sirs, by cursed unknightly outrage; though

~NOW WE HAVE GUENEVERE EXPLAINING HOW BETRAYED SHE FELT WHEN SHE WAS CAUGHT BY GAUWAINE AND AGRAVAINE.   AFTER ALL OF THE YEARS THEY WERE SO LOYAL TO HER, SHE FEELS UTTERLY HURT BY THEIR OUTRAGEOUS CLAIMS.

You, Gauwaine, held his word without a flaw,

This Mellyagraunce saw blood upon my bed:

Whose blood then pray you? is there any law

To make a queen say why some spots of red

Lie on her coverlet? or will you say:

Your hands are white, lady, as when you wed,

Where did you bleed? and must I stammer out, Nay,

I blush indeed, fair lord, only to rend

My sleeve up to my shoulder, where there lay

A knife-point last night: so must I defend

The honour of the Lady Guenevere?

Not so, fair lords, even if the world should end

This very day, and you were judges here

Instead of God. Did you see Mellyagraunce

When Launcelot stood by him? what white fear

Curdled his blood, and how his teeth did dance,

His side sink in? as my knight cried and said:

Slayer of unarm’d men, here is a chance!

~SHE IS NOW DESCRIBING A MEMORY OF THE KNIGHTS COMING TO HER RESCUE AFTER HER ABDUCTION BY MELLYAGRAUNCE.   BLOOD WAS FOUND ON THE BED, A SURE SIGN OF HOW HE HAD HARMED GUENEVERE, AND ALL THE KNIGHTS WERE ON HER SIDE THEN.   DOES BRINGING THIS UP AT THIS POINT, SEEM TO BE A WAY OF SAYING THAT SINCE THEY LOVED HER EVEN AFTER HER RAPE, THEY SHOULD STILL LOVE HER AFTER HER ADULTERY?

Setter of traps, I pray you guard your head,

By God I am so glad to fight with you,

Stripper of ladies, that my hand feels lead

For driving weight; hurrah now! draw and do,

For all my wounds are moving in my breast,

And I am getting mad with waiting so.

He struck his hands together o’er the beast,

Who fell down flat, and grovell’d at his feet,

And groan’d at being slain so young: At least,

My knight said, rise you, sir, who are so fleet

At catching ladies, half-arm’d will I fight,

My left side all uncovered! then I weet,

Up sprang Sir Mellyagraunce with great delight

Upon his knave’s face; not until just then

Did I quite hate him, as I saw my knight

Along the lists look to my stake and pen

With such a joyous smile, it made me sigh

From agony beneath my waist-chain, when

~AS THIS SCENE CONTINUES, IT SEEMS LIKE SHE IS ATTEMPTING TO ASSERT THAT HER AFFAIR WITH LAUNCELOT REALLY GOT STARTED DUE TO HER TRYING TO HEAL FROM HER OWN TRAUMA AFTER HER KIDNAPPING AND RAPE AT THE HANDS OF MELLYAGRAUNCE.   SHE EVEN ADMITS TO HATING HIM THEN, AS WELL SHE SHOULD.

The fight began, and to me they drew nigh;

Ever Sir Launcelot kept him on the right,

And traversed warily, and ever high

And fast leapt caitiff’s sword, until my knight

Sudden threw up his sword to his left hand,

Caught it, and swung it; that was all the fight,

Except a spout of blood on the hot land;

For it was hottest summer; and I know

I wonder’d how the fire, while I should stand,

And burn, against the heat, would quiver so,

Yards above my head; thus these matters went;

Which things were only warnings of the woe

That fell on me. Yet Mellyagraunce was shent,

For Mellyagraunce had fought against the Lord;

Therefore, my lords, take heed lest you be blent

With all this wickedness; say no rash word

Against me, being so beautiful; my eyes,

Wept all away to grey, may bring some sword

~GUENEVERE IS DESCRIBING HER ESCAPE WITH LAUNCELOT HERE, WHILE STILL TRYING TO RECOVER FROM ALL OF HER PAIN.   SHE DEFINITELY SEEMS TO BE ASSERTING THAT HER AFFAIR WITH LAUNCELOT INTENSIFIED DUE TO WHAT SHE HAD SUFFERED AND HIS BRAVE RESCUE OF HER!

To drown you in your blood; see my breast rise,

Like waves of purple sea, as here I stand;

And how my arms are moved in wonderful wise,

Yea also at my full heart’s strong command,

See through my long throat how the words go up

In ripples to my mouth; how in my hand

The shadow lies like wine within a cup

Of marvellously colour’d gold; yea now

This little wind is rising, look you up,

And wonder how the light is falling so

Within my moving tresses: will you dare,

When you have looked a little on my brow,

To say this thing is vile? or will you care

For any plausible lies of cunning woof,

When you can see my face with no lie there

For ever? am I not a gracious proof:

But in your chamber Launcelot was found:

Is there a good knight then would stand aloof,

~SHE IS NOW TRYING TO GET THE POINT ACROSS THAT SHE AND LAUNCELOT SHOULD NOT BE PUNISHED BECAUSE THEIR ACTIONS ARE UNDERSTANDABLE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SITUATION.

When a queen says with gentle queenly sound:

O true as steel come now and talk with me,

I love to see your step upon the ground

Unwavering, also well I love to see

That gracious smile light up your face, and hear

Your wonderful words, that all mean verily

The thing they seem to mean: good friend, so dear

To me in everything, come here to-night,

Or else the hours will pass most dull and drear;

If you come not, I fear this time I might

Get thinking over much of times gone by,

When I was young, and green hope was in sight:

For no man cares now to know why I sigh;

And no man comes to sing me pleasant songs,

Nor any brings me the sweet flowers that lie

So thick in the gardens; therefore one so longs

To see you, Launcelot; that we may be

Like children once again, free from all wrongs

~GUENEVERE IS SHOWING THAT LAUNCELOT CARES FOR HER IN WAYS THAT NO ONE HAS SINCE SHE WAS A YOUNG WOMAN, AS PEOPLE JUST ACCEPT AN UNHAPPY QUEEN WITHOUT CARING WHY SHE IS UNHAPPY.   LAUNCELOT WAS DIFFERENT, ALWAYS CARING ABOUT HER, AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP FELT AS SINLESS TO HER AS YOUNG LOVE!

Just for one night. Did he not come to me?

What thing could keep true Launcelot away

If I said, Come? there was one less than three

In my quiet room that night, and we were gay;

Till sudden I rose up, weak, pale, and sick,

Because a bawling broke our dream up, yea

I looked at Launcelot’s face and could not speak,

For he looked helpless too, for a little while;

Then I remember how I tried to shriek,

And could not, but fell down; from tile to tile

The stones they threw up rattled o’er my head

And made me dizzier; till within a while

My maids were all about me, and my head

On Launcelot’s breast was being soothed away

From its white chattering, until Launcelot said:

By God! I will not tell you more to-day,

Judge any way you will: what matters it?

You know quite well the story of that fray,

~NOW WE HAVE FOUND OUR WAY BACK TO HOW GUENEVERE AND LAUNCELOT WERE CAUGHT TOGETHER.   LAUNCELOT JUMPING TO HER DEFENSE, AND EVEN STATING THAT THEY MAY JUDGE HOW THEY WISH.

How Launcelot still’d their bawling, the mad fit

That caught up Gauwaine: all, all, verily,

But just that which would save me; these things flit.

Nevertheless you, O Sir Gauwaine, lie,

Whatever may have happen’d these long years,

God knows I speak truth, saying that you lie!

All I have said is truth, by Christ’s dear tears.

She would not speak another word, but stood

Turn’d sideways; listening, like a man who hears

His brother’s trumpet sounding through the wood

Of his foes’ lances. She lean’d eagerly,

And gave a slight spring sometimes, as she could

At last hear something really; joyfully

Her cheek grew crimson, as the headlong speed

Of the roan charger drew all men to see,

The knight who came was Launcelot at good need.

~FOR THE END OF THE POEM, WE SEE THAT GUENEVERE ONCE AGAIN ACCUSES GAUWAINE OF LYING.   THEN SHE GETS QUITE HAPPY, FOR SHE KNOWS SHE WILL BE SAVED.   LAUNCELOT HAS ARRIVED TO ESCORT HER TO SAFETY!

~I hope you have enjoyed reading my analysis.   What do you think about this interpretation of Guinevere?   Let me know your thoughts in the comments below!

Note on Image: The image at the top of the post is a lovely Guinevere artwork by Chrissabug.    I found the art on https://fuckyeaharthuriana.tumblr.com/post/764171188923678720.

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